For example, if a person takes the drug to stay awake, they might experience insomnia and be unable to sleep for much longer than they originally intended. Anxious feelings and paranoia can also sour the euphoria caused by the drug, and there is no way to be certain when this will occur.
In addition, a person will likely experience some type of withdrawal from the drug after using it, even the first time. This makes the crash and withdrawal symptoms much more intense. Even after one use, the psychological effects of cocaine can be intense. Unfortunately, many individuals want to feel the same initial rush the drug gave them, so they continue abusing it, which will only lead to more problems.
One longterm effect of cocaine use is irritability. Over time, cocaine abuse causes more side effects on the brain and the way it works. Casa Palmera Staff. Testimonials Testimonials Best thing that ever happened to me.
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The staff here is incredible and very caring. Top notch treatment for many issues! Casa Palmera saved my life. While voluntary use almost always occurs the first time cocaine is tried, cocaine dependence involving compulsive use frequently follows.
This compulsive use is often biologically based, yet many clinicians mistakenly believe the cocaine user can stop using the drug whenever he or she wants. In helping to understand the compulsive use found in patients with cocaine dependence, the following description and commentary by Dr. Sidney Cohen is quite helpful:. In an unlimited access situation, monkeys will self-administer cocaine by bar pressing for it until they die in status epilepticus.
In one study primates bar pressed 12, times in order to get a single dose of cocaine. They will work for cocaine in preference to food even though they are starving. They will continue to bar press even though a receptive female is in their cage. They will prefer an electric shock in order to obtain a large dose of cocaine despite the fact that they could have received a lesser dose without a shock.
Such animal cravings take place in the absence of personality disorders, situation stresses, or some characterological inadequacy. All monkeys respond in this compulsive manner. If humans had unlimited access to cocaine, they probably would behave in a similar way. The highly rewarding properties of cocaine can make obsessive users of the most mature and well integrated among us.
Cocaine is not selective in its effects on neurochemistry. Besides stimulating the pleasure centers in the brain, it at the same time activates other systems that control arousal, survival, appetite, mood, and sleep. Although intense pleasure is experienced, a person can also experience nervousness, restlessness, agitation, suspiciousness, paranoia, confused thinking, delirium, hallucinations, delusions, violence, suicide, and homicide.
Paranoia and suspiciousness are often initial symptoms of psychosis. These psychotic symptoms may be related to an imbalance of dopamine. Psychosis appears to be more common with the use of crack compared with other routes, such as intravenous and intranasal use.
Violence has been associated with cocaine use. Cocaine-induced psychiatric symptoms undoubtedly contribute to the emergence of violence. Besides an increase in levels of neurotransmitters in the brain's pleasure centers, dramatic change in levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in other parts of the brain might provoke aggression, hyperactivity, impaired judgment, and paranoia. Inhalation of crack cocaine has been found to produce a greater amount of anger and violence than intranasal use of cocaine.
Homicide also has been associated with cocaine use. Other cities have reported similar disturbing findings. Suicide can be viewed as a form of self-destructive, violent behavior. One investigator has postulated that cocaine may produce impatience, irritability, paranoia, and edginess leading to violent behavior.
Cocaine abusers may have problems with thinking logically. The resultant effects would be poor judgment in an individual experiencing impulsivity in the face of severe cocaine craving. Delirium, a potentially fatal syndrome marked by severe, fluctuating confusion and autonomic nervous system instability such as severe blood pressure changes, pulse changes, and sweating , can occur with cocaine use. Changes in dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels have been associated with these effects.
Delirium can be accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, and agitated behavior. One report noted that 7 individuals with fatal cocaine intoxication developed an excited delirium with intense paranoia and bizarre and violent behavior, requiring forcible restraint.
However, he has also described the patterns that evolve when cocaine is stopped: the cocaine abstinence syndrome. During the withdrawal phase, anxiety, hostility, paranoia, and depression have been observed. The rapid reduction in the intensity of these withdrawal symptoms can constitute a major reason a crack addict continues use.
In this situation, the reward is a reduction or elimination of the withdrawal symptoms. Successful treatment often occurs in an outpatient setting. Initially, hospitalization may be necessary to treat withdrawal symptoms and prevent continued, compulsive use of cocaine. Outpatient treatment can be very successful; however, there are many important issues that need to be addressed and many interventions that can be helpful in treating drug-dependent patients.
These agents continue to play an uncertain role in the primary treatment of cocaine dependence. Pharmacologic agents that decrease kindling, such as valproic acid and carbamazepine, may potentially be useful in treatment. If suspiciousness, paranoia, and hallucinations continue after the person stops using cocaine, a dopamine blocker, such as haloperidol, should be considered.
The reinforcing properties of cocaine leave a positive memory of the cocaine experience, which usually overrides any negative memory produced by the drug.
Extinguishing these positive memories of pleasure and ecstasy occurs over years through continued abstinence and intensive treatment. Successful treatment usually involves step programs, behavioral and supportive psychotherapy, as well as family therapy, as this illness affects everyone in a family. Neurotransmitter levels must be allowed to normalize. All substances with potential for abuse need to be stopped.
Addiction is usually present in those who have a dependency to crack, but it can be physically dependent and not addicted. Cocaine dependence can develop in only a few months of binge use. Addiction develops more rapidly when a drug is smoked like crack , which is why it takes several days for addiction to develop. Thus, what makes crack so challenging to discontinue is the physical and psychological dependence that it creates.
The fastest way to addiction is by smoking the drug, which is the most common method of consumption. Generally, smoking crack cocaine can start a habit within three days. When crack enters the brain, it increases the levels of dopamine.
This amount of dopamine changes brain activity and signals the craving for more of the drug. Generally, the euphoric high is short-lived, lasting around five minutes. Once the high feeling wears off, the crack user tends to get depressed and again experience the craving. The adverse effects of the substance can happen after only one. When smoked, it takes less than 10 seconds for crack cocaine to reach the brain.
However, the high only lasts about five minutes. The rapid, intense experience leaves people wanting more, which leads to higher doses. It takes, on average, five months from the first use to develop dependence. Most users may experience:.
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