Transmission of this virus has generally been associated with secretions from the respiratory tract. Are those viruses belonging to the genus Dependovirus. These usually infect humans, but are only capable of multiplying with the help of an adjuvant virus, which is usually an adenovirus.
These viruses do not cause disease per se, and they do not modify the effects of infection with an adenovirus. However, by having these characteristics together with the property of integrating into the host's chromosomes, they have allowed adeno-associated viruses that have been genetically modified to be excellent candidates for gene replacement therapies. Other viruses in the family Parvoviridae with single-stranded DNA affect only particular zoological groups. The Densovirus , for example, mainly infect insects.
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Meaning of Aorta encyclopedia. Mixiotes: what it is and how it is prepared science. This has seen well established by analyzing dataset where statistically detectable recombinational events have been removed. This time dependent substitution rates is more an adaptation to retain function of essential genes required for biological fitness [ 1 ]. It is all the more puzzling how high substitution rates compared to RNA viruses occur in ssDNA viruses, as the replication is mainly mediated by host polymerase.
In bacterial viruses such as Phage PhiX14 and M13, they were shown to mutate more rapidly than their host E. Ritchie et al.
In begomoviruses substitution are strand specific, which indicate the possibility of oxidative damage while the genome is encapsidated. Presently the accurate measurement of substitution rates in eukaryotic ssDNA viruses and mechanism behind are yet to be understood clearly. Successful recombinants often emerge as more virulent pathogen.
Recombination bring in genetic change more than one point mutation resulting in observable phenotypic change. The recombination may occur when a gene is simultaneously replicated and transcribed, the paused polymerases may switch the template resulting in recombination [ 40 ]. There are more recombination breakpoints located in the antisense gene in genome, the orientation where replication and transcription meet from opposite direction.
Recombination is the key process for generation of variability and the origin of replication is considered to represent the hot spot. High rates of homologous and non-homologous recombination and component exchange are recorded to occur within and between different ssDNA virus species.
Lefeuvre et al. From which it is inferred that there is natural selection operating against expression of recombinant protein. Fewer recombination breakpoints occur within CP gene. In multipartite viruses nanoviruses, begomoviruses sequence similarity in the origin of replication will facilitate reassociation of genomic components, which is also referred to as component capture.
The recombinants are known to spread faster with increased virulence, biologically fitter than wild ones. Recombination is recorded to occur in parvoviruses [ 55 ], microviruses [ 48 ] anelloviruses [ 39 ] circoviruses nano and geminiviruses components including DNA B and satellites [ 2 , 40 ].
In the context of ever-growing presence of diverse ssDNA viruses, it is interesting to speculate their origin and how different lineages might have separated from each other. Krupovic et al. However, recent reports on geminivirus like mycovirus and numerous such related sequences suggest that geminiviruses and fungal ssDNA virus are more closely related, than phytoplasma plasmid.
A phylogenetic analysis [ 36 ] based on rep like protein from plants, fungi phytoplasma and algae clearly revealed that the plant geminal Reps clustered together with fungal reps, however SsHADV-1 is very distinct from geminiviruses in capsid gene and genome organisation.
Therefore it can be inferred that from a common ancestor SsHADV-1 like viruses would have separated long time ago, followed an independent unique path to evolution in their host.
Zhao et al. The bacilladnaviruses are distant from all other eukaryotic viruses. Unlike capsid proteins, Reps show significant similarity between different groups of CRESS DNA viruses, so it is widely used as marker to estimate the diversity and relationship.
Surprisingly, Kazlauskas et al. The analyses indicated that Reps encoded by members of Bacilladnaviridae , Circoviridae , Geminiviridae , Genomoviridae , Nanoviridae and Smacoviridae display largely congruent evolutionary pattern.
They represent a dynamic population in which exchange of gene fragment of the nuclease and helical domain is frequent. Each one of the group may represent a monophyletic cluster. With increasing trade and movement of agricultural commodities it is inevitable that ssDNA viruses move across continents.
Emergence of ToLCNDV in Europe and spread of TYLCV spreading through Caribbean island into central and North America, the new world squash leaf curl virus affecting cucurbit production in Asia Minor are some examples to cite how plant infecting geminiviruses are dispersed across boundaries of nation. By doing phylogenetic analysis it is possible to trace the pathway of the long distance movement of virus.
Livestock trading has been shown to be significant in PCV2 emergence in many countries [ 62 ]. Analysis of large number of sampling over a long period is required to work out the pathway of these viruses which are emerging as serious threat to human welfare. The ssDNA viruses constitute the widespread, diverse and important group of viruses affecting all three domains of life. Metagenomic mining and characterization of Rep like sequences have led to explosion of CRESS DNA virus data which reveal the ubiquitous presence of these viruses in diverse habitat.
Endogenizations of viral genome and horizontal gene transfer happening across different hosts have revealed the past history of many of the viruses. Whatever information gathered is only tip of the iceberg. Detection of ssDNA virus like sequences frequently in large number of eukaryotes, suggest that their origin and invasion of hosts might have occurred long time ago and genome fossils embedded in eukaryotic genome only reveal the past lineages of viruses.
Considering its presence in characteristic ecological niches, it may be speculated that ssDNA viruses may have a bigger role in modulation of global ecology and environment. Publisher's Note. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Virusdisease v.
Published online Apr Malathi 1 and P. Renuka Devi 2. Renuka Devi. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Malathi, Email: moc. Corresponding author. Received Mar 4; Accepted Mar This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Single-stranded ss DNA viruses are extremely widespread, infect diverse hosts from all three domains of life and include important pathogens.
Introduction Recent advances in metagenomic sequencing involving large population of viruses in environmental samples have revealed an astonishing volume of virome in every habitat in the biosphere. Open in a separate window. Classification of ssDNA viruses into families with progress of time. Table 1 Overall properties of ssDNA viruses. Capsid protein The virion particles of the most of the ssDNA viruses have icosahedral morphology, except Inoviridae and Spiraviridae with helical morphology: the pleomorphic 40 nm size enveloped virions are met with only in the case of Pleolipoviridae infecting archaea.
Ecology and distribution of ssDNA viruses ssDNA viral genome sequences have been detected in diverse environments, associated with diverse life forms which need to be analyzed to speculate the global impact such distribution will have. Endogenisation and horizontal gene transfer of ssDNA viruses Deep sequencing of eukaryotic genome increasingly has thrown out abundant and more diverse viral sequences.
Horizontal gene transfer Living organism acquire genes not only by vertical transmission but also from other distantly related species through horizontal gene transfer. Evolutionary trends The eukaryotic ssDNA viruses infecting plants and pet animals emerge as threatening pathogens due to high rate of substitution in genome. Origin and evolution of ssDNA viruses In the context of ever-growing presence of diverse ssDNA viruses, it is interesting to speculate their origin and how different lineages might have separated from each other.
Transboundary movement With increasing trade and movement of agricultural commodities it is inevitable that ssDNA viruses move across continents. Concluding remarks The ssDNA viruses constitute the widespread, diverse and important group of viruses affecting all three domains of life. Footnotes Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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